518 lines
22 KiB
JavaScript
518 lines
22 KiB
JavaScript
// French grammar structure, A1 to C2 (CEFR)
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// For English speakers learning French.
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// Explanations are in English; the French is the target language to learn.
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const GRAMMAIRE = [
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{
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niveau: "A1",
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titre: "Beginner",
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description: "The basics: present tense, articles, gender & number, simple questions.",
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chapitres: [
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{
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titre: "Subject pronouns (les pronoms personnels sujets)",
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points: [
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"The people doing the action: je (I), tu (you, informal), il / elle / on (he / she / one), nous (we), vous (you, formal or plural), ils / elles (they).",
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"« on » very often replaces « nous » (we) in everyday speech.",
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"« vous » is also the polite way to say 'you' to one person."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Je parle français.", en: "I speak French." },
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{ fr: "On va au cinéma.", en: "We're going to the cinema." },
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{ fr: "Vous êtes prêt ?", en: "Are you ready? (polite)" }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "The verbs « être » (to be) and « avoir » (to have)",
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points: [
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"être (to be): je suis, tu es, il est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils sont.",
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"avoir (to have): j'ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont.",
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"These two are the most important verbs, used everywhere, including to build past tenses."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Je suis étudiant.", en: "I am a student." },
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{ fr: "Elle a vingt ans.", en: "She is twenty (lit. 'has twenty years')." },
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{ fr: "Nous avons faim.", en: "We are hungry (lit. 'have hunger')." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Definite & indefinite articles (les articles)",
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points: [
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"Definite ('the'): le (masc.), la (fem.), l' (before a vowel), les (plural).",
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"Indefinite ('a / some'): un (masc.), une (fem.), des (plural).",
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"The noun's gender decides which article you use, learn the article with the noun."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "le livre / la table", en: "the book / the table" },
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{ fr: "un homme / une femme", en: "a man / a woman" },
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{ fr: "des enfants", en: "some children" }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Present tense of -er verbs (le présent)",
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points: [
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"The biggest, most regular verb group. Drop -er and add: -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent.",
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"Example: parler (to speak) → je parle, tu parles, il parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils parlent.",
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"Most new verbs you meet follow this pattern."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Je travaille à Paris.", en: "I work in Paris." },
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{ fr: "Ils habitent ici.", en: "They live here." },
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{ fr: "Nous mangeons.", en: "We are eating." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Gender & number of nouns (le genre et le nombre)",
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points: [
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"Every noun is masculine or feminine; the feminine often (not always) ends in -e.",
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"Plural is usually formed by adding -s (sometimes -x); the -s is silent.",
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"Adjectives must agree with the noun in gender and number."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "un ami / une amie", en: "a (male) friend / a (female) friend" },
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{ fr: "un chat / des chats", en: "a cat / some cats" },
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{ fr: "un journal / des journaux", en: "a newspaper / some newspapers" }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Negation (« ne... pas »)",
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points: [
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"Wrap the verb: ne + verb + pas.",
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"In casual speech the « ne » is often dropped: « Je sais pas ».",
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"Before a vowel, ne becomes n'."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Je ne comprends pas.", en: "I don't understand." },
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{ fr: "Il n'aime pas le café.", en: "He doesn't like coffee." },
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{ fr: "(spoken) Je sais pas.", en: "I dunno." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Simple questions (les questions)",
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points: [
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"Intonation: just raise your voice, « Tu viens ? » (Are you coming?).",
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"Est-ce que: put it in front of a statement, « Est-ce que tu viens ? ».",
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"Question words: qui (who), quoi (what), où (where), quand (when), comment (how), combien (how much/many)."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Où habites-tu ?", en: "Where do you live?" },
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{ fr: "Est-ce que c'est loin ?", en: "Is it far?" },
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{ fr: "Comment ça va ?", en: "How are you?" }
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]
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}
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]
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},
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{
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niveau: "A2",
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titre: "Elementary",
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description: "Talking about the past and near future, adjectives, object pronouns.",
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chapitres: [
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{
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titre: "The passé composé (completed past actions)",
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points: [
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"Built with an auxiliary (avoir or être) in the present + a past participle.",
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"Most verbs use avoir: « J'ai mangé » (I ate / I have eaten).",
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"Movement verbs and reflexive verbs use être, and the participle then agrees with the subject."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "J'ai mangé.", en: "I ate / I have eaten." },
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{ fr: "Elle est partie.", en: "She left (fem. agreement: parti+e)." },
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{ fr: "Nous sommes arrivés tard.", en: "We arrived late." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "The imparfait (ongoing / habitual past)",
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points: [
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"Used for descriptions, habits, and actions in progress in the past.",
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"Take the 'nous' present-tense stem and add: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.",
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"Contrast with passé composé: imparfait = background, passé composé = single completed event."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Quand j'étais petit...", en: "When I was little..." },
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{ fr: "Il pleuvait.", en: "It was raining." },
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{ fr: "Nous allions souvent à la mer.", en: "We used to go to the sea often." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "The near future (le futur proche)",
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points: [
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"aller (to go) in the present + an infinitive, just like English 'going to'.",
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"Used for plans and things about to happen.",
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"Very common in speech, easier than the simple future."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Je vais partir.", en: "I'm going to leave." },
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{ fr: "On va manger.", en: "We're going to eat." },
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{ fr: "Ils vont arriver bientôt.", en: "They're going to arrive soon." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Adjectives (placement & agreement)",
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points: [
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"Adjectives agree in gender and number with their noun.",
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"Most adjectives go after the noun (unlike English).",
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"A few common ones go before: grand, petit, beau, bon, jeune, vieux, nouveau."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "une voiture rouge", en: "a red car" },
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{ fr: "un grand jardin", en: "a big garden" },
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{ fr: "de belles fleurs", en: "beautiful flowers" }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Direct & indirect object pronouns",
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points: [
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"Direct (COD): me, te, le/la, nous, vous, les, replace 'the thing/person'.",
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"Indirect (COI): me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur, replace 'to someone'.",
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"They go before the verb, unlike in English."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Je le vois.", en: "I see him/it." },
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{ fr: "Elle nous parle.", en: "She is talking to us." },
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{ fr: "Tu lui donnes le livre ?", en: "Are you giving him/her the book?" }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Possessive & demonstrative adjectives",
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points: [
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"Possessives ('my, your...'): mon, ma, mes, ton, ta, tes, son, sa, ses, notre, votre, leur.",
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"Demonstratives ('this/that'): ce, cet (before vowel), cette, ces.",
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"They agree with the thing owned/pointed at, NOT the owner."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "mon frère, ma sœur", en: "my brother, my sister" },
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{ fr: "ce livre, cette idée", en: "this book, this idea" },
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{ fr: "leurs enfants", en: "their children" }
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]
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}
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]
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},
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{
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niveau: "B1",
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titre: "Intermediate",
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description: "Simple future, conditional, relative pronouns, introducing the subjunctive.",
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chapitres: [
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{
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titre: "The simple future (le futur simple)",
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points: [
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"Add endings to the infinitive: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont.",
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"Some stems are irregular: être → ser-, avoir → aur-, aller → ir-, faire → fer-.",
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"Used for certain or planned future events."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Je partirai demain.", en: "I will leave tomorrow." },
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{ fr: "Nous serons là.", en: "We will be there." },
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{ fr: "Il fera beau.", en: "The weather will be nice." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "The present conditional (le conditionnel)",
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points: [
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"Future stem + imparfait endings (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient).",
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"Used for politeness, wishes, and hypotheticals, like English 'would'.",
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"Key polite forms: je voudrais (I would like), j'aimerais (I'd love)."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Je voudrais un café.", en: "I would like a coffee." },
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{ fr: "On pourrait sortir.", en: "We could go out." },
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{ fr: "Ce serait bien.", en: "That would be nice." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Relative pronouns (qui, que, où, dont)",
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points: [
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"qui = subject ('who/which'), que = object ('whom/that'), où = place/time ('where/when').",
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"dont replaces a 'de' phrase ('whose / of which / about which').",
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"They join two clauses into one sentence."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "L'homme qui parle.", en: "The man who is speaking." },
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{ fr: "Le livre que je lis.", en: "The book (that) I'm reading." },
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{ fr: "Le film dont je parle.", en: "The film I'm talking about." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Conditionals with « si » (if)",
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points: [
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"si + present → future: « Si j'ai le temps, je viendrai » (If I have time, I'll come).",
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"si + imparfait → conditional: « Si j'avais le temps, je viendrais » (If I had time, I would come).",
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"Never use the future or conditional directly after « si »."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Si tu veux, on y va.", en: "If you want, we'll go." },
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{ fr: "Si j'étais riche, je voyagerais.", en: "If I were rich, I would travel." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "The present subjunctive (introduction)",
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points: [
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"Used after expressions of necessity, will, or emotion: « il faut que », « je veux que », « pour que ».",
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"Form: take the 'ils' stem and add -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.",
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"It expresses something wished-for or uncertain, not a plain fact."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Il faut que tu partes.", en: "You have to leave." },
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{ fr: "Je veux que tu viennes.", en: "I want you to come." },
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{ fr: "Pour que ce soit clair.", en: "So that it's clear." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Comparatives & superlatives",
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points: [
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"Comparative: plus / moins / aussi ... que (more / less / as ... than/as).",
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"Superlative: le / la / les plus (moins) ... (the most / least).",
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"Irregular: bon → meilleur (better), bien → mieux (better, adverb), mauvais → pire (worse)."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "plus grand que toi", en: "taller than you" },
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{ fr: "le plus intéressant", en: "the most interesting" },
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{ fr: "C'est meilleur ici.", en: "It's better here." }
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]
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}
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]
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},
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{
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niveau: "B2",
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titre: "Upper intermediate",
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description: "Subjunctive in depth, reported speech, passive voice, finer past tenses.",
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chapitres: [
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{
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titre: "The subjunctive (extended uses)",
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points: [
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"Also used after doubt, emotion, and negative opinions.",
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"After certain conjunctions: bien que (although), avant que (before), à condition que (provided that).",
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"Indicative vs subjunctive depends on certainty: « Je pense que c'est vrai » (sure) vs « Je ne pense pas que ce soit vrai » (doubt)."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Bien qu'il pleuve, on sort.", en: "Although it's raining, we're going out." },
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{ fr: "Je doute qu'il vienne.", en: "I doubt he'll come." },
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{ fr: "Je ne pense pas que ce soit vrai.", en: "I don't think it's true." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Reported speech (le discours indirect)",
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points: [
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"Reporting what someone said, without quotation marks.",
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"Tenses shift back (present → imparfait, passé composé → plus-que-parfait, future → conditional).",
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"Pronouns and time words also change."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Il dit qu'il est fatigué.", en: "He says (that) he's tired." },
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{ fr: "Elle a dit qu'elle viendrait.", en: "She said she would come." },
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{ fr: "Il a demandé si j'étais prêt.", en: "He asked if I was ready." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "The passive voice (la voix passive)",
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points: [
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"être + past participle (agrees) + par (by).",
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"Puts the focus on the thing receiving the action.",
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"The doer (agent) is introduced by « par »."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "La lettre est écrite par Marie.", en: "The letter is written by Marie." },
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{ fr: "Le pont a été construit en 1990.", en: "The bridge was built in 1990." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "The pluperfect (le plus-que-parfait)",
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points: [
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"Auxiliary in the imparfait + past participle.",
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"An action that happened before another past action ('had done').",
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"Often paired with passé composé or imparfait."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "J'avais déjà mangé quand il est arrivé.", en: "I had already eaten when he arrived." },
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{ fr: "Elle était partie avant midi.", en: "She had left before noon." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Compound relative pronouns",
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points: [
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"lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles, used after a preposition.",
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"They contract: à + lequel → auquel, de + lequel → duquel.",
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"Used when the relative pronoun follows a preposition (on which, to whom...)."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "La table sur laquelle je travaille.", en: "The table on which I work." },
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{ fr: "L'ami auquel je pense.", en: "The friend I'm thinking of." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Gerund & present participle",
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points: [
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"Gerund: en + present participle, 'while/by doing' (simultaneous action or means).",
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"Present participle (-ant) can express cause or a quality, like 'being'.",
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"Examples: en marchant (while walking), étant fatigué (being tired)."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Il chante en travaillant.", en: "He sings while working." },
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{ fr: "Étant malade, il est resté.", en: "Being sick, he stayed home." }
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]
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}
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]
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},
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{
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niveau: "C1",
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titre: "Advanced",
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description: "Stylistic nuance, full tense agreement, structuring sophisticated discourse.",
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chapitres: [
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{
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titre: "The past conditional (le conditionnel passé)",
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points: [
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"Auxiliary in the conditional + past participle ('would have done').",
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"Expresses regret, reproach, or an unrealised hypothesis.",
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"Pairs with « si + plus-que-parfait »."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "J'aurais aimé venir.", en: "I would have liked to come." },
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{ fr: "Si j'avais su, je serais resté.", en: "If I had known, I would have stayed." },
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{ fr: "Tu aurais dû me prévenir.", en: "You should have warned me." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "The past subjunctive (le subjonctif passé)",
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points: [
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"Subjunctive auxiliary + past participle.",
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"Marks an action completed before the main verb, still inside a subjunctive clause.",
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"Examples: que j'aie fait, qu'il soit venu."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Je suis content que tu sois venu.", en: "I'm glad you came." },
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{ fr: "Bien qu'il ait fini, il reste.", en: "Although he has finished, he's staying." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Logical connectors (les connecteurs logiques)",
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points: [
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"Cause: car, puisque, étant donné que (since / given that).",
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"Consequence: si bien que, de sorte que (so that / with the result that).",
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"Contrast/concession: néanmoins, toutefois, en revanche (nevertheless, however, on the other hand)."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "Puisque tu insistes...", en: "Since you insist..." },
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{ fr: "Il pleut, néanmoins nous sortons.", en: "It's raining; nevertheless we're going out." },
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{ fr: "..., si bien qu'il a réussi.", en: "..., so that he succeeded." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Emphasis & highlighting (la mise en relief)",
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points: [
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"C'est ... qui / que to stress a word: « C'est toi qui décides ».",
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"Ce qui / ce que ..., c'est ... structure.",
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"Dislocation (very common in speech): « Moi, je pense que... »."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "C'est toi qui décides.", en: "You're the one who decides." },
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{ fr: "Ce que je veux, c'est partir.", en: "What I want is to leave." },
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{ fr: "Lui, il ne sait rien.", en: "Him? He knows nothing." }
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]
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},
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{
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titre: "Nominalisation (la nominalisation)",
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points: [
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"Turning a verb or adjective into a noun.",
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"Typical of formal, written, and journalistic style.",
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"Example: construire (to build) → la construction (the construction)."
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],
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exemples: [
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{ fr: "L'augmentation des prix.", en: "The rise in prices." },
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{ fr: "La fermeture du magasin.", en: "The closing of the shop." },
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{ fr: "Le développement durable.", en: "Sustainable development." }
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]
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},
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{
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|
titre: "Registers of language (les registres)",
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|
points: [
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|
"Three main levels: familier (casual), courant (standard), soutenu (formal).",
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|
"They differ in vocabulary and sentence structure.",
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|
"Match the register to your context and listener."
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|
],
|
|
exemples: [
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|
{ fr: "bagnole / voiture / automobile", en: "car (casual / standard / formal)" },
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|
{ fr: "bouquin / livre / ouvrage", en: "book (casual / standard / formal)" }
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
]
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
niveau: "C2",
|
|
titre: "Mastery",
|
|
description: "Literary tenses, stylistic subtleties, idiomatic and near-native expression.",
|
|
chapitres: [
|
|
{
|
|
titre: "The passé simple (literary past)",
|
|
points: [
|
|
"The tense of written narration: novels, history, fairy tales.",
|
|
"A single completed action, used in writing instead of the passé composé.",
|
|
"Examples: il fut (he was), il alla (he went), ils firent (they did)."
|
|
],
|
|
exemples: [
|
|
{ fr: "Il entra et s'assit.", en: "He entered and sat down." },
|
|
{ fr: "Ils partirent à l'aube.", en: "They left at dawn." },
|
|
{ fr: "Elle naquit en 1850.", en: "She was born in 1850." }
|
|
]
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
titre: "Past anterior & imperfect subjunctive",
|
|
points: [
|
|
"Literary tenses, almost never used in speech.",
|
|
"Past anterior: action just before a passé simple in a narrative.",
|
|
"Imperfect subjunctive: tense agreement in very formal writing."
|
|
],
|
|
exemples: [
|
|
{ fr: "Quand il eut fini, il sortit.", en: "When he had finished, he went out." },
|
|
{ fr: "Il fallait qu'il vînt.", en: "It was necessary for him to come." }
|
|
]
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
titre: "Subtleties of the subjunctive",
|
|
points: [
|
|
"Subjunctive vs indicative can change the meaning of a sentence.",
|
|
"Used after a superlative or « le seul », « le premier » (the only/first).",
|
|
"Used in relative clauses expressing a goal or something sought but uncertain."
|
|
],
|
|
exemples: [
|
|
{ fr: "C'est le seul qui puisse le faire.", en: "He's the only one who can do it." },
|
|
{ fr: "Je cherche un livre qui soit simple.", en: "I'm looking for a book that is simple (if one exists)." }
|
|
]
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
titre: "Idioms & fixed expressions",
|
|
points: [
|
|
"Set phrases, proverbs, and figurative expressions.",
|
|
"Their meaning is not literal, you must learn them whole.",
|
|
"Using them naturally is a hallmark of native-level fluency."
|
|
],
|
|
exemples: [
|
|
{ fr: "Tomber dans les pommes.", en: "To faint (lit. 'fall into the apples')." },
|
|
{ fr: "Avoir le cafard.", en: "To feel down/blue (lit. 'have the cockroach')." },
|
|
{ fr: "Mettre la charrue avant les bœufs.", en: "To put the cart before the horse." }
|
|
]
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
titre: "Full sequence of tenses",
|
|
points: [
|
|
"Command of every temporal relationship across a long text.",
|
|
"Reported speech in elevated, literary style.",
|
|
"Keeping tenses consistent throughout extended writing."
|
|
],
|
|
exemples: [
|
|
{ fr: "Il affirma qu'il fût venu si on l'eût invité.", en: "He claimed he would have come had he been invited." },
|
|
{ fr: "Elle craignait qu'il ne fût trop tard.", en: "She feared it was too late." }
|
|
]
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
titre: "Style & rhetoric (le style)",
|
|
points: [
|
|
"Figures of speech: metaphor, litotes (understatement), irony.",
|
|
"Varying rhythm and sentence structure for effect.",
|
|
"Devices of emphasis and nuance."
|
|
],
|
|
exemples: [
|
|
{ fr: "Ce n'est pas mauvais.", en: "It's not bad (= it's quite good, litotes)." },
|
|
{ fr: "Une mer de visages.", en: "A sea of faces (metaphor)." }
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
];
|